Islamic scholars Hassan

Hassan- al –Banna and Yusuf-al –Qaradawi are among the most renowned Islamic scholars. The two are famous for their role in championing for the rights of Muslim during the 20th century. As such, the two leaders are regarded as the fathers of contemporary Islamism. Banna was among the founders of the Muslim Brotherhood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic scholars: Hassan-al–Banna and Yusuf-al–Qaradawi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the year 1945, the group had millions of followers across the Arab world. On the other hand, Qaradawi was a student of Banna. After Bannas death in the year 1949, Qaradawi became very prominent. He has written over a hundred books focusing on Islam, politics, and the association between Muslims and non-Muslims. This article seeks to highlight on the solutions and suggestions offered by the two leaders in relation to the political crises that affecte d Muslims during the 20th century. In his writings, Banna pointed out that Muslims could liberate their country from the political bonds if they adopted the way of Islam (Euben Muhammad 57). He noted that the Muslim world had lost its freedom and sovereignty to the colonialists. He suggested that during his era political struggle had subsided. Banna asserted that there are only two ways, which people could orient their nations for a better course. People could adopt either the western way of life or the Islamic way of life. He believed that each of the two ways had disadvantages and advantages. According to him, the Islamic way was the only means Muslims could solve their political crises. He suggested that if nations were to orient along Islam path, several benefits were going to be realized. To him, Islamic way fosters sanctity and stability in the minds of the people. Through this, he believed that once people get oriented to the Islamic way of life they will take pride in their nationality and portray sincere patriotism. He further suggested that taking his proposed course could strengthen Islamic unity and end the political issues faced during the 20th century. Banna urged the Islamic countries to unite. He suggested that united Arab countries could lead to a practical and vital deliberation on the issue of the departed caliphate. Equally, he also suggested that Islamic countries could reduce political issues if they end party rivalries in their countries. He urged them to channel their political forces into a single phalanx.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He asserted that after ending party rivalries, countries should reform their laws to ensure that they conform to Islamic teachings. Throughout his arguments, he always blamed the west for corrupting the Arab youths. He believed that Arab Muslim were better off without the influence of the west. To him, the western way of life had made some Muslims to be selfish. Another reform postulated by Banna was that all Muslims nations should strengthen their armed forces. He suggested that renascent nations need strength. He believed that during his time peace could only be guaranteed through strength. During his era, there were numerous conflicts between the Arabs and the Israeli and their allies. Therefore, he supposed that a strengthen armed forces would only guarantee peace to the Arab Muslims. On the other hand, Qaradawi believed that political crises in the Muslim world have been fueled by misunderstanding between Islam and Democracy (Euben Muhammad 231). During the 20th century, some Muslim extremists insisted that democracy could not coexist with Islam. Other clerics insisted that democracy was unbelief. They believed that through democracy, humans had embraced human rulers rather than a Godly ruler. Qaradawi acknowledged in his writings that misunderstanding about democracy was the ma jor cause of political conflicts both in the West and in the East. Qaradawi proposed that there was a need to end the misunderstanding between Islam and democracy. He refuted claims by the Muslim extremist that democracy was unbelief. He suggested that in fact Islam prohibited dictatorial leadership. He points that the Quran rejects the notion that leaders lead individuals in prayer they do not accept. He further suggests that the best of the Islamic leaders are those that love their followers and are loved in turn by their followers. He suggested that the Muslim world could end their political issues if they embraced democracy by rejecting tyrant leaders. He associated tyranny with corruption. He further alleged that the Quran does not only reject tyrant leaders but also those who obey their commands. In this argument, he was referring to the police and the armed forces of the tyrant leaders in the Arab world during the 20th century. He suggested that the teachings of Prophet Muham mad forbidden the oppression and unjust treatment of the people by their leaders. He further suggested that democracy was the only tool available that can be used against tyrant leaders. Although democracy is not free of faults, he believed that it should be used to protect people from dictatorship leadership until another better approached is identified. He urged the Muslim world to adopt democracy because through it their leaders could respect their human rights and treat them equally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Islamic scholars: Hassan-al–Banna and Yusuf-al–Qaradawi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As noted above there are major differences between the two scholars’ suggestions about how to end the Muslims’ political crises. Banna believed that the Muslims woes were directly related to the western influence. As such, he blamed the Westerners for corrupting the Muslims cultures . On the other hand, Qaradawi believed that the confusion between the democracy and was the major factor that should have been blamed for the political issues faced in the Muslim world. Unlike Banna, he blamed the tyrant leaders for the increase in political issues. Another major difference between the two scholars’ arguments was that Qaradawi did not condemn the western way of life in the manner in which Banna condemned. Qaradawi noted that values that that are in line with the Quran are aimed at helping the people should be tolerated. He even embraced democracy as a means of ending tyrant leadership in the Arab world. This implies that he was more lenient to the western ideologies compared to Banna. On the other hand, Banna insists that Muslims could end their political rivalry if they embraced the Islamic way of life rather than the western way of life. This implies that he was totally against the western influence. Based on the above argument, it is apparent that Qaradawi embraced democracy while Banna was against democracy. Qaradawi argued that through democracy the Muslim world could liberate itself. However, Banna insisted that through the Islamic way of life Muslims could liberate themselves. Banna provided several ways through which the Arab nations could enhance their unity. Surprisingly, he never mentions about democracy in his proposals. Some of his proposals are against the will of democracy. For instance, he urges the nations to have control over the media. Works Cited Euben, Roxanne Leslie, and Muhammad Qasim Zaman. Princeton readings in Islamist thought: texts and contexts from al-Banna to Bin Laden. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Islamic scholars: Hassan-al–Banna and Yusuf-al–Qaradawi was written and submitted by user Clay Phelps to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The American Judicial System

The American Judicial System The American judicial system is perceived as one of the most independent judicial systems around the world. However, there are factors which negatively influence the operations of the judiciary in exercising legal matters. In this essay, I will explore why I believe the independence of the American judicial system is compromised.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The American Judicial System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fact that federal judges are approved by senate after being nominated by the president puts at stake the independence of the American judicial system and the conduct of its judges. This largely discredits the selection of federal court judges as the process of selection may not be transparent and may even take a political dimension. Moreover, approval of judges by senate (after appointment by the president) means that the executive arm of government exercises control over the judiciary. This put s into question the ability of the judicial system to exist independently (OConnor and Sabato, 200). For example, an election petition by Algore, challenging the re-election of George Bush, was shot down in unclear circumstances perceived to be politically instigated. In addition, O’Connor and Sabato use Hamilton’s quote to emphasize the vulnerability of the Judiciary. They suggest that the American Judicial System â€Å"neither has the power of the sword nor the power of the purse† (OConnor and Sabato, 330). This jeopardizes formulation and implementation of policies. According to OConnor and Sabato, federal court judges are appointed in a political process and are never subjected to voter approval. They can only be removed from office by impeachment. Certainly, impeachment of a judge who is biased is almost impossible (OConnor and Sabato, 302). This instills doubt on the ability of the American judicial system to exercise judicial matters independently. When o ne critically analyzes the profile of federal court judges, it is clear majority have held political offices, for example positions of prosecutor and campaign strategist. The profiles of these judges influence how they vote on judicial matters. Therefore, the voting process may be influenced by extralegal factors including political influence, corruption, attitude, public opinion and the ideologies held by judges (OConnor and Sabato, 245). The influence of judges by factors mentioned above means that judges are unable to exercise impartial judgement.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since there is lack of independence in the American judicial system as explained above, it is important to subject federal court judges to approval by the public. This should apply to the whole judicial system including state courts. For example in California, such measures exist as judges are su bjected to approval by the public, can be removed by a committee on judicial performance, and run for elections every six years (OConnor and Sabato, 328). According to OConnor and Sabato, Article III of the United States constitution establishes the Supreme Court where all judicial power is vested and covers life tenure on the part of judges. Moreover, this article establishes the compensation of judges so that they exercise judicial matters without being compromised. Though the key objective of this article was to address the limitations of the article of confederation that relied on the state for judicial matters, it has done little to check existence of bias in the judiciary (OConnor and Sabato, 187). According to OConnor and Sabato, the power of the courts to ascertain if laws or other legal matters contravene the constitution (judicial review) is not mentioned in the constitution. Furthermore, judicial review has been minimally used and even abused. For example, it has been use d minimally to challenge powers of congress but maximally as a tool to make state legislative acts toothless by invalidating them (OConnor and Sabato, 301). From the above argument, it is clear the American judicial system is almost toothless and it exercises legal matters in the midst of influence. Though the federal courts in the United States are very powerful today, they exercise their power to serve the interests of various quarters which may be extra political or intra-political. This jeopardizes the independence of the judicial arm of government as entrenched in the constitution. OConnor, Karen, and Larry Sabato. Essentials of American Government: Continuity and Change. Longhorn Publishers, 2010. Print.

Examine the professional & legal implications of surgical site marking Essay

Examine the professional & legal implications of surgical site marking - Essay Example ing to abide by surgical site marking procedures include compensation claims for negligence, punitive fines, and jail terms among others (Clarke, Johnston, Finley 2007, p. 397). Surgical site marking is professionally and legally intended to demonstrate commitment to quality and safety to patient care. Surgical site marking can be used to assure patients that they shall receive the best quality of care possible. It is also aimed at ensuring that health care providers can feel the sense of accomplishment when they pride themselves in providing quality health care to patients (Jhawar, Mitsis & Duggal 2007, p. 68). Failure of health care practitioners to abide by proper surgical site marking procedures can lead to them being deregistered as professionals in their respective field in case patients suffer harm as a result of negligence (Meinberg & Stern 2003, p. 194). Legally, health care provider who fail to abide by the surgical site marking procedures also risk legal action being taken against them for neglecting their professional duties. As mentioned earlier, they may end up paying punitive fines, facing jail terms, or being barred from

Sentence fluency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sentence fluency - Essay Example Contextually, it is these aspects that represent the important ideas of sentence fluency (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). GOAL STATEMENT The fundamental goal of the curriculum will concentrate on critically evaluating knowledge gained by the learners with respect to planning, evaluation and editing of the writings by learners. In this regard, applying brainstorming sessions, group discussion and peer review will be taken into account strategically. The application of this curriculum is likely to enhance the understanding capability of the learners with respect to their ideas related to the usage of detailed information along with application of apt words. It is expected that with the assistance of this curriculum, learners will be able to easily identify and rectify their syntax mistakes, which they used to be ignorant towards in prior instances. This curriculum will also act with the aim to fortify the quality of the sentences fra med by the learners (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). This curriculum has been specially designed to initiate the need for sentence fluency among the domestic and the international students. This curriculum will assist the learners throughout their developmental course, generating a sense of need and importance for this particular subject, as it has a strong hold with respect to communicative competencies in the international plethora. DISCUSSION In precise, this curriculum will assist the learner to have a better insight about the importance of applying facts and figures within the informational article. It is worth mentioning in this context that there exist a generalized six kinds of writing traits viz., idea and concept, organization, voice, sentence fluency, usage of words and conventions. In consideration with the curriculum, it will enhance the ideas and the conception of the learner with regard to writing a sentence or sent ence fluency. Furthermore, this curriculum will be intended towards assisting the learners in organizing sentences in order to develop their abilities to convey the concerned ideas maintaining consistency in the flow of information. It is in this context that voice frames an important part in the formation of sentences accelerating sentence fluency in turn. The curriculum designed will therefore foster understanding of the learner concerning smooth and harmonized flow of ideas and objectives with respect to the sentences. Moreover, this curriculum will also intend to assist the learners concerning the importance of words choice in maintaining and grooming sentence fluency (Timothy, â€Å"Guided Fluency Instruction: Moving Students to Independence†). Instructional design will also be regarded to hold considerable importance in the success potentials of the curriculum. Instructional design comprises a series of procedures, which aim at assisting in the development of the qualit y aspects and evaluative efficiency of the curriculum being designed. Instructional procedure comprehensively builds up with the requirement of sentence fluency for individual development. Furthermore, the instructional content of this curriculum will entail an objective-oriented approach in its designing. Fluency within the sentences, in this context, imposes a greater impact on the listeners and the readers too. The

Improving Life in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving Life in the United States - Essay Example The present face of life in the U S, however, reflects the fading effects from repeated burns suffered by the political and economic structure of the country mostly from foreign policies of tariff, trade and international relationships. Continuous demonstrations of strive for political supremacy over different upcoming nations accounted for massive loss to the GDP of the country in the past few decades. Subsequent turns of two different political parties did little favor to the growth of the economy after the severe blow on its economic nerves with the issues like the Wall Street Collapse and the WTC attack. America, the uncrowned emperor of the world nations, has ever since spent a lot more on defense and anti-terrorist activities across the world and made the great efforts to take revenge on apparently poorer and weaker enemies. The resultant picture was the raise of a weakening crack in the strong walls of the country’s promised security of its own individuals for their wea lth and prosperous life. Long years of recession along with European financial crises paved way for debatable levels of inflation and massive unemployment concerns in the U S. Presently, even as the data from various international assessment agencies shows that the country is generally stable; improving life in the U S is a serious challenge before the nationals now. The growing trend of inflation relates to the rapid progress of distance between the rich and the remaining people in the country. Such a scenario is sure to bring home the bad impacts on per capita GDP, life expectancy, status of family and community life, gender ratio at the employment sector and many more. Apart from them, the cultural changes at international levels also add to the adversities at the moment. Therefore, a revival of the entire administrative aspects and political framework is necessary for the renaissance of the nation. When life in the US is seen as the core element for improvement, it should be vie wed from the national and individual angles. The country has to reframe a majority of its foreign policies in order to pacify the cultural and religious disparities at the grass-root level among people. For the US, targeted attacks on the grounds of counter-terrorism operations in different countries may be reduced for saving its amazingly huge proportions of military funding. As a result, the money could instead be used for the uplift of living standards of the poor Native American children and for the promotion of education and health care of its citizens. Smaller nations in the European and Asian continents continue to excel their capabilities of progressive efforts in market capitalization and foreign investment allocations for advancement in business. It is time for the U S to realize the need for new and centralized economic policies for the reimbursement of its faith in the global market. As constancy in investment-allotment ratio is the index of economic stability, the gover nment of the US should amend plans for attracting more foreign investors. Thus, the country can avoid rigid actions of immigration cut-shorts and imposition of political

Eye diseases

Eye diseases 1. Introduction 1.1 Glaucoma Eye disease such as glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are some of the common causes of reduced vision and blindness (Short, 2008). Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease where the damage of optic nerves resulted in visual field loss. In the year of 2010, it is estimated that 60.5 million people will be diagnosed with glaucoma, and by 2020, the number would be increased to 79.6 million (Quigley and Broman, 2005). According to International Glaucoma Association, some of the risk factors that contribute to the development of glaucoma are advanced age, race, long or short sighted, and genetic predisposition. Damage of the optic nerves in glaucoma is often due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) which occurs when there is an imbalance of aqueous humor production and drainage in the eye. This clear fluid produced by the ciliary body flows into the posterior chamber and exit through trabecular meshwork at the open angle where the cornea and iri s meet (1). Blocked drainage channel restricts the flow of aqueous humor out of the anterior chamber. This causes the pressure in eye to be increased to an abnormal level, thus damaging the optic nerves. Optic nerve plays an important role in transmitting impulses from the light sensitive tissue layer, the retina to the brain, where the visual information is interpreted. Therefore, early detection and treatment could prevent permanent and irreversible blindness from glaucoma. There are several classifications of glaucoma, the most common types are primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). The difference between these two types is the present of physical obstruction in the drainage channel in one and its absence in the other. As for the former type, an increase in IOP is caused by blockage of the drainage channel where the aqueous humor drains out (1) (Coleman,1999). This process occurs very gradually and often patient does not notice any early signs of sight loss such as blind spots, or patches of vision loss until severe damaged has been done to the optic nerves, thus causing blindness. Different ethnic group was shown to have different glaucoma prevalence. The African population was shown to be more prevalent to suffer from POAG in the study demonstrated by Ntim-Amponsah et al. (2004). The standardised age-specific glaucoma prevalence for that ethic group was 7.7% while the Caucasians have an overall lower prevalence than that. It was suggested by Herndon et al. (2004) that the blacks have an overall thinner central corneal compared to the Caucasians and this might contribute to the progression of POAG. As explained by Coleman (1999), in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), the angle between the iris and lens is very narrow. When the iris dilates, the iris-lens contact prevents the flow of aqueous humor into the anterior chamber. The continuous secretion of aqueous humor creates a pressure which pushes the iris forward onto the trabecular meshwork, closing the angle (1). This rapid onset causes sudden build-up of intraocular pressure leading to short-term loss of vision. Severe eye pain, blurred vision, headache, nausea, vomiting and halos around lights are among the symptoms observed in this eye disease. Asian was shown to have a higher prevalence of PACG compared to the Western population. Some of the studies concluded that Chinese are at a higher risk of suffering from PACG. This is related to the geometry of the anterior chamber where Chinese has a smaller corneal or a shallower anterior chamber, thus implying that there is a higher risk of developing angle closure and therefo re PACG (Wang et al., 2002). 1.2 Pharmacological therapy of glaucoma The goal in treating glaucoma is to delay the progression by giving immediate therapy for early stage glaucoma patient to prevent further loss of vision. Treatment aims to reduce IOP by either increasing the aqueous humor drainage or reducing the aqueous humor secretion rate. Several classes of drugs are used in the treatment of glaucoma, namely beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers), selective alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and prostaglandin analogues. The choice of treatment depends on the effectiveness and side-effects of the drug, co-mobility and cost of treatment. Beta-blockers are one for the first line drug used in treatment of glaucoma but newer medications are increasingly being used as first choice of glaucoma therapy. The exact mechanism of beta-blocker in reducing IOP is not known, but it was suggested that beta-blocker reduces the aqueous humor production by blocking the beta2-receptor on the non-ciliary body epithelium. On average, no n-selective beta-blockers such as timolol, levobunolol, carteolol and metipranolol lower the IOP by 20-35% while beta1-receptor antagonist, betaxolol lowers it by 15-25%. However, when the pharmacological therapy is unsuccessful, laser or surgery are required to treat this eye disease (Soltau and Zimmerman, 2002). The most widely used ocular hypotensive agent is the non-selective beta-blocker, timolol. Timolol is often used as an adjunct therapy to other difference classes of IOP-lowering agents such as brimonidine, travoprost and acetazolamide. In one of the studies, combination therapy of latanoprost and timolol was proved to be more effective in lowering IOP compared to using lataoprost alone in glaucoma treatment (Olander K, 2004). The maleate salt of timolol is soluble in water and alcohol, and has a pKa of approximately 9 in water at 25Â °C. The current commercially available opthalmic therapies of timolol are timolol maleate topical opthalmic solution and gel-forming ophthalmic solution. Some of the local side effects of topical application of timolol include ocular irritation, burning, pain, itching, erythema and dry eyes. Beta-blocker is contra-indicated in patients who have bronchial asthma, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus bradycardia, heart block, or uncontr olled heart failure. In some cases, exacerbation of reactive airways disease and cardiovascular disease due to the systemic absorption of the non-selective beta-blocker has been reported occasionally in patients receiving topical timolol therapy (McEvoy G K, 2002). After long-term usage of timolol, tolerance might develop in some patients. This has been suggested that there is an up-regulation of beta-receptors in target cells in response to constant exposure of antagonist at the beta-receptors (Fechtner, 2008). 1.3 Drug delivery in treatment of glaucoma There are several approaches in delivering intraocular drugs, among them are topical application, systemic administration, intraocular implants and intravitreal injections. Each of these routes has its own advantages and challenges (Short, 2008). Topical administration is the most widely used route for drug delivery in treating eye diseases. The major challenge of this application to the posterior ocular tissues is poor drug bioavailability resulted from the ocular physiological and anatomical constraints, which include tear fluid turnover rate, nasolacrimal drainage and high efficiency of blood-ocular barrier. It was shown that only 1-5% of the topically applied drugs is absorbed across the cornea and reaches the target intraocular tissues. Furthermore, nasolacrimal drainage contributes to extensive precorneal losses that lead to poor bioavailability. In addition, systemic exposure through nasolacrimal drainage will also cause significant systemic toxicity. Blood-ocular barrier whic h is located at the retinal pigmented epithelium and the endothelium of the retinal vessels is also a major challenge in delivering topical drugs to the target tissues. This barrier limits the penetration of intraocular drugs to the back of the eyes. Unfortunately, systemically administered drugs are also having the same problem in penetrating the barrier. Hence, alternative drug delivery strategies such as intravitreal injections have been investigated and developed to overcome this problem (Tombrain-Tink and Barnstable, 2006). Intravitreal injection is the administration of intraocular drugs to the vitreous cavity of the eye and this route is becoming increasingly popular in treating glaucoma patients. Due to short half-life of drugs in the vitreous, frequent and repeated injections to the eye are needed to maintain the drug concentration at therapeutic level in the vitreous and the retina. Consequently, this procedure leads to complication such as infection, vitreous hemorrhage, and lens or retinal injury. Sustained release formulation has been developed and possible benefits of particulate drug delivery has been investigated and studied to overcome such complications. The particulate drug delivery systems include microparticles and nanoparticles such as liposome, microcapsule, nanocapsules, microspheres and nanospheres. Liposomes, microcapsules and nanocapsules allow encapsulation of the drug molecules while in microspheres and nanospheres, drugs are dispersed in a spherical polymer matrix. These particu lates act as a reservoir to control the release rate during periods of days and sometime even months (Short, 2008; Tombrain-Tink and Barnstable, 2006). 1.4 Microspheres Microspheres of biodegradable polymers such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) are a combination of drug and polymer. PLGA-based microspheres have several advantages over other controlled released drug delivery system. The administration of these microspheres to the body only requires syringes and needles, thus avoiding surgical implants of controlled-release formulations. Besides that, these PLGA are biodegradable and are biocompatible to the tissues, including the brain tissues (Fournier, 2003). Three microencapsulation techniques are being employed in producing PLGA microspheres these days. Solvent evaporation and solvent extraction process is one of the method which includes single emulsion process and double emulsion process. The former process involves oil-in-water emulsification and latter is the most commonly used water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) method used to encapsulate water-soluble drugs such as timolol maleate into microspheres. Final emulsions from both processes wi ll undergo solvent removal by extraction or evaporation. The solid microspheres that are produced from these processes will then be filtered or sieved, and finally dried. This technique is widely used because it is easy and does not involve complicated steps. Other methods such as phase separation and spray drying are also being used to encapsulate microspheres. The disadvantage of phase separation is that it needs a careful optimisation of some parameters, such as solvent and polymer type, salt type and concentration in order to obtain any microspheres at all. On the other hand, the limitation of spray drying is that small batches of drug are produced due to loss of product during spray-drying (Jain, 2000). PLGA, a copolymer of lactic acids and glycolic acids is commonly used in the production of controlled-release biomedical devices such as microparticles and nanoparticles. Incorporation of the active substance in polymer matrix allows drug to be released at a slower rate over a prolonged period, thus reducing the frequency of drug administration and hence improving patients compliance. The main target of controlled-release drug delivery is to produce a zero-order release pattern, but this was not achieved very often. Some of the small molecules are associated with undesirable initial burst phase during where drugs on the microsphere surface are being released through rapid diffusion, followed by a slow release or no release. During the initial burst phase, excessive release of potent drugs from the polymer for a prolonged time causes severe side effects. However, during the second phase, only a small fraction of drug will be released from the matrix due to decreased driving force in d rug depletion (Berkland et al., 2002). In the study conducted by Mao et al. (2007), the effect of different preparation of water-in-oil-in water emulsion on the burst release of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran from the PLGA microspheres was being investigated. It was found that an increase in drug loading, polyvinyl alcohol concentration and homogenisation speed resulted in a decrease in initial burst. This is due the changes in morphology of the by using different preparation techniques. The main mechanism of drug release from microsphere can be divided to two processes, which are drug diffusion from the polymer network and drug release through polymer degradation. Once PLGA is administered to the eyes, water fills into the network of pore by a negative water gradient and the active compound subsequently diffuses out of the co-polymer. However, this gradient will disappear gradually within a period time and thus the drug molecules are released at a slower rate at a later stage. This process is often coupled with the breakage of ester bonds of the polymer by hydrolysis and it can also be autocatalysed by the accumulation of acidic degradation products and hence leading degradation of PLGA-based microsphere. During this process, oligomers at the surface of microsphere escape from the matrix, leaving behind those who are entrapped inside the matrix core. Size of microsphere plays a very important role in manipulating the rate of degradation. In one of the study, it was shown that larger particle size will degrade more rapidly. This is due to the inner core of the polymer is more acidic compared to its external environment (Grizzi et al. ,1995) Effect of several factors such as polymer composition and preparation condition on the drug release patterns were being investigated by several studies. It has been demonstrated by Janoria and Mitra (2007) that different lactide/glycolide ratio resulted in different release rate of a lipophilic prodrug (GCV-monobutyrate) from PLGA-based microsphere. PLGA with higher lactide content (65:35) was found to have higher glass transition temperature than lower lactide content (50:50) of PLGA polymer. This was suggested that the former ratio had slower drug diffusion through the polymer matrix, hence longer releasing time. On the other hand, an addition of surfactants, polyvinyl alcohol or Triton X-100 to the primary emulsion obtained from the double emulsion solvent evaporation technique resulted in the production of larger particle size, thus slower releasing rate was observed (Bouissou et al., 2006). Besides that, inclusion of additives in the formulation will also affect the release prof ile of microspheres. Kang F R and Singh J (2001) found out that the addition of PEG 1000 and tricaprin increased the porosity of the PLGA, thus changing its surface characteristics. This has lead to a higher initial releasing rate of bovine serum albumin due to rapid diffusion of the protein through the large pores on the surface of microspheres. Different preparation methods effect the morphology and drug distribution of microspheres. A change in the process condition will yield different size distribution and porosity of the microsphere. Some of the critical parameters of determining the microparticles morphology are volume ratio of oil to internal water, homogenisation speed and type of solvents used. Surface morphology of microspheres is shown to be influenced by the volume ratio of oil to internal water in a research conducted by Yang et al. (2000). An increase in size and initial burst of the microspheres was observed by decreasing the volume ratio from 40:1 to 12:1. More porous microparticles were also observed in lower volume ratio. Homogenisation speed was also proved to be important in determining the morphology of microparticles by Sansdrap and Moes (1993). When homogenisation speed was increased, the microparticulate was found to be smaller. Similarly, different organic phase solvent was proved to produce differen t size distribution of particles. Song et al. (2006) showed that partially water-soluble solvents such as ethyl acetate and propylene carbonate produced smaller mean particle size compared to the fully water-soluble solvents, acetone and dichloromethane. Since there are limited studies based on the effect of method parameters on the morphology and drug release profile of timolol maleate encapsulated microsphere, this study aimed to further investigate the effect of volume ratio of oil to internal water, homogenisation speed and type of solvents used. Timolol maleate is encapsulated in PLGA by double-emulsion solvent evaporation method. The surface morphology and particle sizes of the microspheres were being studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). On the other hand, the effect on the drug release profile was determined by analysing the released drug sample from the microspheres using ultraviolet spectrophotometer.

Applications of Prisms and Math :: Mathematics

Missing Figures Prisms and their Applications Introduction A prism is one or several blocks of glass, through which light passes and refracts and reflects off its straight surfaces. Prisms are used in two fundamentally different ways. One is changing the orientation, location, etc. of an image or its parts, and another is dispersing light as in a refractometers and spectrographic equipment. This project will only deal with the first use. Consider an image projected onto a screen with parallel rays of light, as opposed to an image formed by the same rays that are passed through a cubic prism (assume that the amount of light that is reflected is negligible). The rays that pass through the prism will not be refracted since the angle of refraction = sin-1(sin(0)/n) = 0, or reflected, so the images will be exactly the same. More generally, if the rays enter and leave a prism at right angles (Assuming the rays only travels through one medium while passing through the prism), the only effect on the image will be the reflection of the rays off of its surfaces. Since the law of reflection I= -I’ (Angle of incidence equals the negative of the angle of reflection) is not effected by the medium, the effect of the prism will be same as that of reflective surfaces or mirrors placed in the same location as the reflective surfaces of the prism. It follows that to understand prisms it is important to understand how mirrors can be used to change the direction of rays. Mirror Location Problem 1: Consider the following example: A horizontal ray is required to undergo a 45Â º-angle change and this has to be achieved using a mirror. We need to find how the mirror should be oriented to achieve the desired change of angle. Solution: Recall the Snell’s law which deals with refraction: sinI0 /n0 = sinI1/n1 if we define the incoming and outgoing rays ray and the normal of the refractive surface as vectors and using a property of the cross-product we can say the following Q0xM1 = |Q0||M1| sinI0 = sinI0 and also Q1xM1 = |Q1||M1| sinI1 = sinI1 thus N0 (Q0xM1)= n1 (Q1xM1) If we introduce two new vectors S0 and S1 and let them equal n0 Q0 and n1Q1 respectively we will get S0x M1 = S1xM1 or (S1-S0)xM1 = 0 this implies that (S1-S0) are parallel or anti-parallel, which means that we can define a new variable Γ which is called the astigmatic constant with S1 – S0 = ΓM1 How is useful for solving our problem? Applications of Prisms and Math :: Mathematics Missing Figures Prisms and their Applications Introduction A prism is one or several blocks of glass, through which light passes and refracts and reflects off its straight surfaces. Prisms are used in two fundamentally different ways. One is changing the orientation, location, etc. of an image or its parts, and another is dispersing light as in a refractometers and spectrographic equipment. This project will only deal with the first use. Consider an image projected onto a screen with parallel rays of light, as opposed to an image formed by the same rays that are passed through a cubic prism (assume that the amount of light that is reflected is negligible). The rays that pass through the prism will not be refracted since the angle of refraction = sin-1(sin(0)/n) = 0, or reflected, so the images will be exactly the same. More generally, if the rays enter and leave a prism at right angles (Assuming the rays only travels through one medium while passing through the prism), the only effect on the image will be the reflection of the rays off of its surfaces. Since the law of reflection I= -I’ (Angle of incidence equals the negative of the angle of reflection) is not effected by the medium, the effect of the prism will be same as that of reflective surfaces or mirrors placed in the same location as the reflective surfaces of the prism. It follows that to understand prisms it is important to understand how mirrors can be used to change the direction of rays. Mirror Location Problem 1: Consider the following example: A horizontal ray is required to undergo a 45Â º-angle change and this has to be achieved using a mirror. We need to find how the mirror should be oriented to achieve the desired change of angle. Solution: Recall the Snell’s law which deals with refraction: sinI0 /n0 = sinI1/n1 if we define the incoming and outgoing rays ray and the normal of the refractive surface as vectors and using a property of the cross-product we can say the following Q0xM1 = |Q0||M1| sinI0 = sinI0 and also Q1xM1 = |Q1||M1| sinI1 = sinI1 thus N0 (Q0xM1)= n1 (Q1xM1) If we introduce two new vectors S0 and S1 and let them equal n0 Q0 and n1Q1 respectively we will get S0x M1 = S1xM1 or (S1-S0)xM1 = 0 this implies that (S1-S0) are parallel or anti-parallel, which means that we can define a new variable Γ which is called the astigmatic constant with S1 – S0 = ΓM1 How is useful for solving our problem?

Jeremy Lin

Chink in the Chain Webster’s Dictionary defines success as the favorable or prosperous termination of attempts or endeavors, or, successful performance or achievement. On February 4th 2012 Jeremy Lin made his NBA debut against the New Jersey Nets. Twelve minutes into the game, the non-starter Guard entered the game to make his debut as a New York Knick. To everyone’s surprise Lin came off the bench cold to put up big numbers against the Nets that would both change the pace of the game and give birth a new sensation in the NBA.In his debut game, Lin put up twenty-five points, seven assists, and two steals which was a team high in all three categories (NBA. com). Lin’s initial success was foreshadowing to what was soon to come. According to Webster’s Dictionary’s definition, Lin’s twenty-five point achievement in his first performance as a Knick can be deemed successful. Over the next three games of his career, Lin’s success continued. I n his first four NBA starts he had achieved a 27. 3-point per game average proving him to be an elite NBA player (NBA. om). Not only was his point per game average impressive it was also a new NBA record, surpassing players such as Allen Iverson and Michael Jordan, who are largely considered to be two of the best players to play the game. Along with Lin’s success in the NBA came a lot of attention in the media, a growth in Asian-American attendance at Knick games, and increase talk around the league. Jeremy Lin’s success in his initial performances as a Knick sparked a media hit, on Television, in Newspapers, and on the Internet as well.One of the most popular expressions about Lin’s success was â€Å"Linsanity†, which is a combination of the player’s last name, Lin, and the word insanity to describe the players up and coming success. Not all of the postings and expressions in the media were as warmhearted as the trending â€Å"Linsanity†. L in’s attention in the media quickly shifted from his success as a player to attention towards his Chinese heritage. For example, The New York Post, a very highly respected new paper in the Northeast released an article titled â€Å"Amasian! , which was not perceived to be offensive or racist by many peoples, because Asian is not by any means an offence term. As time progressed so did the offensive news articles and names given to the successful athlete. Lin was deemed ‘Super-Lintendo’ and ‘The Yellow Mamba’. Super-Lintendo was in reference to Super Nintendo, and Chinese manufactured video game, while The Yellow Mamba is a spin on Kobe Byrant, and African American NBA player’s nickname. The Yellow Mamba was given to Lin because of his success in the NBA comparable to Bryant’s and his Chinese skin often associated with a yellowish hue.As Lin’s success in the NBA continued his attention in the media and Chinese association grew. Fe bruary 18th 2012 at 2:30 am ET, Anthony Federico posted his article titled â€Å"A Chink in the Armor: Jeremy Lin’s 9 Turnovers Cost Knicks In Streak-Snapping Loss to Hornets† on ESPN. com. Shortly after the article was posted, at 3:05 am the article was removed from the website. Though the article was only online for a brief thirty-five minutes, the article was viewed by many, received a lot of attention and was exceedingly controversial.Shortly after its publish, many different new sources and individuals debated whether the article was racist or not. In addition to removing the article from the website, ESPN decided to suspend the articles publisher, Anthony Federico for a thirty day work period and then later that month fire him. ESPN received a great deal of negative attention and many people both agreed and disagreed with Federico’s article being deemed racist. Fererico’s article received a significantly more attention than New York Post’s ar ticle â€Å"Amasian! because ‘Chink’ is a often considered to be an offensive term to Chinese-Americans. Federico’s article went under great scrutiny from members of the Chinese American Community. U. S Representative and Chinese-American, Judy Chu was appalled by ESPN. com’s article. â€Å" I think the use of the term is appalling and offensive,† said Judy Chu to MSNBC, one of the world’s most successful new networks. The word ‘Chink’ is a very offensive word to the Chinese-American community.Chink is a negative ethnic slur towards Chinese people and other Asian Americans because they are commonly assumed to be Chinese because of their appearance and the large Chinese population. â€Å"The ‘c’ word is for Asian Americans like the ‘n’ word is for African Americans,† Said Chu. Judy was highly offended by the Federico’s use of the ‘c’ word. To compare the Chinese slur chink, to the African slur nigger, a word that is perceived to be highly racist and has been taken out of American Literature n some schools, gives a good sense of how offensive it really is. The slur nigger is the most offensive word you could ever call an African American person and is frowned upon due to its negative association dating back to times of slavery in America. If Chu is able to associate chink in the same regard as nigger, it is obvious that its use is highly offensive to Chinese-Americans, because the word nigger is not something that is said in the media, on radio or on basic television because of its so highly offensive.Judy Chu speaks passionately about the vulgar word chink because it’s hateful and is used to so similarly to the word nigger. â€Å"While no one would claim that racism against black people is no longer a problem in America, it is unthinkable that any news network or even half-brained TV presenter would use racial slurs against a black player equivale nt to the Asian ones that have been used against Lin,† stated Hadley Freeman in â€Å"The Guardian† a well-respected Newspaper in London.Freeman compares the Chinese racism to be equivalent to using racism towards black people, where she says that no one would ever think to you use a racist word towards black people because it is so out-casted or restricted, especially in the media. The phrase â€Å"Chink in the Armor† is a reference to a chink, or crack in medieval armor, which would lead to vulnerability and potential injury. Today, this expression is used to describe a weak spot in an object or even a weak member of a group or a team.Anthony Federico used the expression â€Å"Chink in the Armor† in one of his article’s titles to describe Jeremy Lin’s multiple turnovers in The New York Knicks loss to the New Orleans hours before the article publication. Federico used the expression the correct way being that Lin performed poorly in the game leading to a loss for the Knicks; thus, making a Lin a weak link or Chink in the Armor for the team. â€Å" †¦Had nothing to do with me being cute or punny,† Said Anthony Federico. In his claim given to Politico. om, a popular Internet news source, Federico claims that he was not intentionally racist towards Lin. Federico said that the use of the expression â€Å"Chink in the Armor, had nothing to with Lin being Chinese, and that wasn’t used to be interpreted as pun, or sneaky way to include racism towards Lin and Chinese peoples. † (Freeman 1) Federico’s defense in The Guardian gives his claim that he simply used the expression correctly and did not intentionally use the word chink in its popular meaning describing Chinese people.He believes that the reason why the article’s titles receive so much negative attention was not because of his wrong action, being that he used the phrase the way that it is intended to be used, but because individu als and the media misinterpreted his intentions and accused him of racist intentions. Lin’s success has been turned into many different puns in the media like his nickname ‘Super Lintendo’, where the pun is very blunt, but Federico’s use of the word chink in his own opinion was strictly used to in its obvious expression and a reflection of Lin’s performance in the night before and did not pertain to his ethnicity.Federico went on to apologize to Lin in his statement; â€Å"I’m so sorry that I offended people. I’m so sorry if I offended Jeremy. †(Freeman 1) In Federico’s apology he is saying that he is sorry for offending both the Asian American community and Jeremy, and that his remarks were accidently racist, because he did not mean for his title to be interpreted to be racist. Federico claims that his article’s title containing the expression â€Å"chink in the chain†, was not using the word in a negative manner.He also claimed that if the title was in fact racist that it was strictly because of poor word choice and therefore accidental. Federico’s past use of the word does not support his claim that he did not use the word with an ethnic connotation. â€Å"Federico told the Daily News he had used the phrase hundreds of times in headlines over the year,† taken from an article written by Mackenzie Weigner on Politico. com, a well respected online news source. Federico has used word chink in his publications hundreds of times in his career.Because he has used the word so many times throughout his career he is very aware of its negative and racist denotation. By claiming that he has used the word hundreds of times, Federico should have known the potential risk of publishing an article containing the word chink when talking about a Chinese American. â€Å"And if he was using it all those times, that is extremely sad. The word was used since the 1880s to demean Chinese Amer icans and to deprive them of rights, and it is used on playgrounds specifically to humiliate and to offend Asian Americans. So I don’t know where he’s been all this time. (Weigner 1) Judy Chu is disgusted by the fact that Federico has used the word so many times over the course of his career and not sees a problem with it. Chu finds it to be sad that Federico has used the word so many times in his career as a journalist and still cannot grasp the hateful meaning the word takes towards Chinese Americans. Judy the goes on to give a history of the word chink and how it has been used all along to intentionally be offensive towards Asians and more specifically Chinese Americans. Racism is something that Jeremy Lin has experienced his entire lifetime as a collegiate basketball player.During his time at Harvard University, Lin was a successful basketball player and often the members of the opposing team’s student fan section often chanted racist remarks as he played. F or example, when Lin played University of Connecticut the fans chanted â€Å"wonton soup† as he took his foul shots. When asked about the publication on ESPN. com Lin said, â€Å"Have to learn to forgive and I don’t even think that was intentional. Or hopefully not. † (Weigner 1) Federico had apologized to Lin about the incident, and Lin was very quick to accept the apology, forgive him and move on.Lin states that he thinks that Federico’s article could have potentially been unintentionally racist as Federico claims. In the end of Lin’s statement he says â€Å"Or hopefully not† meaning that if the article was intended to be seen as punny, by slipping in the word Chink while talking about him, he would have found it to be offensive. Racism has been surrounded by racism for a long time and has learned to put it past him and focus on what was important to him, his successful basketball career. Following Lin’s impressive and record-breaki ng start in the NBA came a large amount of media about both his accomplishments and his Chinese heritage.Many of the publications during this times period were warm-hearted and highlighted Lin’s numbers and quick climb to the rank of an elite NBA player, while unfortunately many other publications keened in on Lin’s race and at times were demeaning. Federico’s article received an excess of attention and proved to be controversial as it was highly debated. Though Federico claimed that his article was not intentionally racist, many people were offended, particularly Asian Americans and as a result Federico was highly scrutinized.

Organizational Approaches to studying the human body Essay

There are seven organizational approaches to studying the human body. The first would be body planes and body directions. The body can be divided up into three sections, front and back, top to bottom, and left to right. The names of those three planes are the coronal, the transverse, and the sagittal planes. When you are studying organs or tissues you could use this approach to make sure the job gets done to the most accurate degree. Looking at the lungs, brains, and joints can be difficult sometimes so in that case you would use the body and planes approach. The body can be studied also according to the body cavity approach and by looking at the major internal organs. Most of the time that you see this approach being used the reasoning is to look deeper into the body and find disease. When conducting a physical exam on someone they may use an approach to identify where your internal organs are placed called the quadrants and regions approach. There are four quadrants, URQ, ULQ, LLQ, and LRQ. There are also nine regions. The nine regions are the right and left hypochondriac, the epigastric region, the right and left lumbar regions and the umbilical region; finally there is the right and left inguinal regions along with the hypogastric regions. This approach works the best when being given a physical exam for school sports or whatever. The next approach that may be used to study the human body would be the anatomy and physiology approach. This approach can be used for studying the structures in the body and how they react to certain things that you may or may not do on a daily basis. This approach is also good for examining and studying cells or the nervous system. Microscopic and macroscopic may sound similar but they are far different. This approach can be best exercised in looking to see how cells combine to make a larger cell. Next on the list is the body systems approach. In this approach you can easily study the circulatory system as well as the respiratory system. The last and final approach that you can study the human body with is the medical specialty approach. In this approach you are able to study the human body for medical use.

Free Essays on The World Conference on Education

One of the winning entries of the Poster Competition organized by the World Summit on the Information Society, in collaboration with the UN Cyberschoolbus: Lau Hei Tung, 10, China. The human right to education is well established, in principle if not in practice, and is described in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and elaborated in Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Similar provisions are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, primarily in Articles 28 and 29. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' General Comment 13 provides an authoritative interpretation of its implications.1 Yet, we repeatedly see high aspirations defeated by the lack of resources devoted to education. It seems that funding is never adequate despite the clear evidence on the value of education. The World Conference on Education for All, held in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990, spelled out the aspirations in "The World Declaration on Education for All", known as the Jomtien Declaration, and also produced the Framework for Action to Meet Basic Learning Needs. The results are familiar: "These recommendations largely failed to generate the response needed to meet the growing demand-supply crisis in basic education."2 The issue persists, as Special Rapporteur on the right to education Katarina Tomasevski and her fellow advocates keep coming up against the same problem.3 This is most severe in poor countries, but even countries that do have money often fail to give education high priority in their budgets. Perhaps a reconsideration of the way we think about the right to education would open new opportunities. Many different parties share responsibility for the realization of human rights, but the primary obligation falls on national governments. They have obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. The requirement to fulfil includes the obligation to facilit... Free Essays on The World Conference on Education Free Essays on The World Conference on Education One of the winning entries of the Poster Competition organized by the World Summit on the Information Society, in collaboration with the UN Cyberschoolbus: Lau Hei Tung, 10, China. The human right to education is well established, in principle if not in practice, and is described in Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and elaborated in Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Similar provisions are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, primarily in Articles 28 and 29. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights' General Comment 13 provides an authoritative interpretation of its implications.1 Yet, we repeatedly see high aspirations defeated by the lack of resources devoted to education. It seems that funding is never adequate despite the clear evidence on the value of education. The World Conference on Education for All, held in Jomtien, Thailand in 1990, spelled out the aspirations in "The World Declaration on Education for All", known as the Jomtien Declaration, and also produced the Framework for Action to Meet Basic Learning Needs. The results are familiar: "These recommendations largely failed to generate the response needed to meet the growing demand-supply crisis in basic education."2 The issue persists, as Special Rapporteur on the right to education Katarina Tomasevski and her fellow advocates keep coming up against the same problem.3 This is most severe in poor countries, but even countries that do have money often fail to give education high priority in their budgets. Perhaps a reconsideration of the way we think about the right to education would open new opportunities. Many different parties share responsibility for the realization of human rights, but the primary obligation falls on national governments. They have obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. The requirement to fulfil includes the obligation to facilit...

Comparing two pathways,Nussbaum's and McConnell's to tolerance and Essay

Comparing two pathways,Nussbaum's and McConnell's to tolerance and world peace - Essay Example On the other hand, McConnell in Don’t neglect the Little Platoons agree to the fact that moral education is needed in schools, but it such learning has to start with affection towards those close to us, and then spread outwards. According to McConnell, humanity is too abstract at large. Therefore, the strong patriotism in U.S citizens and its affirmation of universal norms of justice should not be viewed as to oppose cosmopolitanism, but have to be treated as a positive step towards it. Therefore, there is need for children to learn to love the good; religion would play an active role in facilitating this learning. Therefore, though the two writers had similar sentiments, their differences were on how cosmopolitanism had to be approached. The former advocated for an outward -Inward approach, while the latter advocated for an inward-outward orientation. ... In other words, McConnell asserts that without having a solid attachment and establishing stronger bonds through understanding those closer to you, one cannot purport to extend such understanding and loyalty to those far away from home. Similarly, Nussbaum a proponent of world citizenship agreed to this assertion by McConnell. Nussbaum agrees on the assertion that it was reasonable and good for one to be identified with a particular family, religion, political party, or any other body that offers a sense of belonging to ensure one achieves true identity and is able to appreciate others.3 Personal identity therefore according to the two writers comes first in promoting any type of citizenry. The difference between the two writers is portrayed in the way they approach the issue of cosmopolitanism from two different perspectives. Nussbaum believes that there are many benefits in embracing cosmopolitan education for the local concerns at home. Therefore, American students by critically e xamining the world, they would be in a better chance to learn about their own country and other undertakings, such different child rearing approaches, and that a two nuclear parent family does not function as a pervasive style of children rearing in the current world.4 Nussbaum explains the many advantages achievable in cosmopolitan education, and which can be used in formulating a better life for the American children, and help them become more responsible adults who have a deeper understanding of problems in other countries, and who can stand up for the sake of humanity globally. In other words, one has to learn many other things before one is in a position to

Answer for 11 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer for 11 question - Essay Example An educated character would use education to find out the very basics of life which, as it is, is the most important aspects of life. Question 2 According to Plato, the Allegory of the cave is that human beings are chained to a wall (while facing the wall) behind them another wall with figures constantly walking across it. Behind the second wall is a pit of fire casting shadows on the wall for humanity to see and determine the object from its shadow. Freedom is breaking free from this wall on which one is chained on. In today’s life, the shadows can be compared to forms of media which paint the picture of how we humans should see things. Like believing all Muslims are terrorists. Freedom is getting away from such stereotypes. Question 3 The Bible details out, in the first three chapters in the book of Genesis, hoe creation was carried out by God and what became of man after his fall from grace. This imparts a very important lesson in people’s daily lives. First of all, the fact that man was created in the image and likeness of God is reason enough for each individual to consider themselves of equal importance to one another. Each individual is thus free from discrimination and owing to the fact that everyone is in God’s image and likeliness. ... tives who have lived together in harmony for several decades until Colonel Joll comes about and sows the seeds of suspicion between the two groups of people. Fear is one of the results of the suspicion between the two groups since each sees the other not as an old friend but a new enemy. In this confusion, the colonizers become more and more ruthless and barbaric even though they had called the natives ‘barbarous.’ Fear further manifests itself in the fact that the colonel Joll leads the Empire’s forces to burn trees along the river and thus keeps the natives fearful. Question 5 In the essay whose title appears above, George Orwell argues that it is detrimental to the understanding of one’s message by using parts of speech that only complicate the message intended for the audience. He faults political language for its distortion of meaning by saying that â€Å"This mixture of vagueness and sheer incompetence is the most marked characteristic of modern Engl ish prose, and especially of any kind of political writing.† This, he says, is used intentional by politicians to hide meaning from those they intend to serve. To the writers, he advices them to â€Å"Bad writers, and especially scientific, political, and sociological writers, are nearly always haunted by the notion that Latin or Greek words are grander than Saxon ones, and unnecessary words like  expedite, ameliorate, predict, extraneous, deracinated, clandestine, subaqueous, and hundreds of others constantly gain ground from their Anglo-Saxon numbers.? They should thus wean themselves off the use of unnecessarily complex words for simpler ones. Question 6 Cormac McCarthy discuses several themes in his book among them religion, belief, and race. He goes against the stereotype by depicting the black man as a